Confidentiality - Preserving authorized restrictions on information access and disclosure, including means for protecting personal privacy and proprietary information.
Trusted platform module (TPM) - A secure crypto processor and storage module
Null cipher - Hiding plaintext within other plaintext. A form of steganography.
Hash function - Accepts an input message of any length and generates, through a one-way operation, a fixed-length output called a message digest or hash.
Key clustering - When different encryption keys generate the same ciphertext from the same plaintext message.
Confusion - Provided by mixing (changing) the key values used during the repeated rounds of encryption. When the key is modified for each round, it provides added complexity that the attacker would encounter.
Diffusion - Provided by mixing up the location of the plaintext throughout the ciphertext. The strongest algorithms exhibit a high degree of confusion and diffusion.
Confidentiality - Preserving authorized restrictions on information access and disclosure, including means for protecting personal privacy and proprietary information.
Substitution - The process of exchanging one letter or bit for another.
Ciphertext - The altered form of a plaintext message, so as to be unreadable for anyone except the intended recipients. Something that has been turned into a secret.
Key clustering - When different encryption keys generate the same ciphertext from the same plaintext message.
Steganography - Hiding something within something else, or data hidden within other data.
Key or cryptovariable - The input that controls the operation of the cryptographic algorithm. It determines the behavior of the algorithm and permits the reliable encryption and decryption of the message.
asymmetric - Not identical on both sides. In cryptography, key pairs are used, one to encrypt, the other to decrypt.
Cryptanalysis - The study of techniques for attempting to defeat cryptographic techniques and, more generally, information security services provided through cryptography.
Nonrepudiation - Inability to deny. In cryptography, a service that ensures the sender cannot deny a message was sent and the integrity of the message is intact, and the receiver cannot claim receiving a different message.
Encoding - The action of changing a message into another format through the use of a code.
Plaintext - The message in its natural format has not been turned into a secret.
Digital Signatures - Provide authentication of a sender and integrity of a sender's message and non-repudiation services.
Message authentication code (MAC) - A small block of data that is generated using a secret key and then appended to the message, used to address integrity.
Work factor - This represents the time and effort required to break a cryptography system.